Hamurabi is a text-basedstrategy video game of land and resource management. It was first developed under the name King of Sumeria or The Sumer Game by Doug Dyment in 1968 at Digital Equipment Corporation as a computer game for fellow employee Richard Merrill's newly invented FOCAL programming language.

Game Purchase Options. This world history educational product is available for online browser play at our store and for tablets and phones at one of the app stores below. IOS and Android tablets are supported. Price: 3.99 (Limited Time) (stores may vary in price). The Code of Hammurabi.If a man has come forward in a lawsuit for the witnessing of false things, and has not proved the thing that he said, if that lawsuit is a capital case, that man shall be put to death. If he came forward for witnessing about corn or silver, he shall bear the penalty (that would apply to) that case. Hamurabi Description This is a 1996 remake of Hamurabi a 1969 text-based game of land and resource management. The original game is one of the earliest computer games recorded. Hammurabi in play (can use one military action as a civil action and discount one civil action to draw a leader from the card row) Revolution into Monarchy, all civil actions used (including those granted by Monarchy).

Crossfire for mac free download. The game consists of ten rounds wherein the player, as the ancient Babylonian king Hammurabi, manages how much of their grain to spend on crops for the next round, feeding their people, and purchasing additional land, while dealing with random variations in crop yields and plagues. The Sumer Game was inspired by The Sumerian Game, a much more in-depth text-based economic simulation intended for children, developed from 1964 to 1966 by designer and elementary school teacher Mabel Addis and IBM programmer William McKay.

Hammurabi is made by LabLabLab, a research lab that explore new avenues for conversations with non-playing-characters (NPC) in digital games. Select a cookie and try your chance to win. It can be a boost for your progress in the game. Just push your luck to get the reward. PLAY OFFLINE OR PLAY ONLINE Play offline without wifi or internet. Or, Play online and backup your progress. Twitter: @hammurabigames Facebook: fb.me/kitchenfungame.

Multiple versions of the game were created for the FOCAL language, but around 1971 David H. Ahlported it to DEC BASIC and in 1973 published it in 101 BASIC Games. This was later republished in Microsoft BASIC form in 1978's BASIC Computer Games. His expanded version of the game, titled Hamurabi, quickly became the more prominent version due to the popularity of both the book and the programming language. Hamurabi influenced many later strategy and simulation games and is also an antecedent to the city-building genre.

Gameplay[edit]

Hamurabi is a text-basedstrategy video game centered on resource management in which the player, identified in the text as the ancient Babylonian king Hammurabi, enters numbers in response to questions posed by the game. The resources that the player must manage are people, acres of land, and bushels of grain. These are managed over the course of ten rounds, each of which represents a year. Each person can farm a set amount of land, which produces grain. Grain, in turn, can be used to feed people, who otherwise die the following round, or planted for the following year's crop. The player may also buy or sell land to their neighbors each turn in exchange for grain. Each round begins with an adviser stating 'Hamurabi: I beg to report to you' the current status of the city, including the prior year's harvest and change in population, followed by a series of questions as to how many bushels of grain to spend on land, seeds, and feeding the people.^[1][2]

The game's variations are driven by random numbers: the price of land is randomly decided each round from between 17 and 26 bushels per acre, the amount of bushels generated each round is randomly decided, random amounts of bushels are eaten by rats, and new people come to the city each year in random amounts. Each year also presents the possibility of a plague reducing the population by half. The game ends after ten rounds, or earlier if the entire population of the city dies or at least 45 percent of the people starve in a single round. The end-game appraisal, added in the 1973 version of the game, compares the player to historical rulers—such as 'Your heavy-handed performance smacks of Nero and Ivan IV.'^[1]

Development[edit]

In 1962, Westchester County, New York and IBM began studying the use of computers in education, using a grant from the U.S. Office of Education to produce 'economic games' for sixth-grade students.^[3][4] One, The Sumerian Game (1964), was a model of ancient Sumerian civilization,^[3] written and designed by elementary-school teacher Mabel Addis and programmed by William McKay of IBM. The early mainframe game, set in 3500 B.C., has players act as rulers of the city of Lagash. In 1966 Addis revised the game and interspersed it with cutscenes of taped audio lectures and slide projector images.^[3][5]/luther-vandross-take-you-out-mp3-download.html.

Hammurabi Game Online

In 1968, Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) employee Richard Merrill invented the FOCAL programming language. Fellow employee Doug Dyment heard a description of The Sumerian Game after a talk at the University of Alberta, and as an early program for the language developed King of Sumeria, programming it for a DEC PDP-8minicomputer.^[6] The game is sometimes erroneously attributed to Merrill in 1969, but 1969 and 1973 program catalogs by the Digital Equipment Computer Users Society (DECUS) list Dyment as the original developer, though they also renamed it to The Sumer Game.^[5][6][7] The game was originally described as: 'This is a simulation program/game which will run on a minimal PDP-8 system. The economy of a Sumerian city in the year 3000 B. C. is simulated in the fashion of a modern-day 'business game.'^[6] 'Business games' were text-based business management simulation games, such as The Management Game, which was used in business schools such as at Carnegie Mellon University since at least 1958.^[8] By 1961, there were over 89 different business and economic simulation games in use, with various graphical capabilities.^[9] The final game was, according to Dyment, 'the largest piece of FOCAL-8 code that could fit in a 4K machine: there was literally not room for a single extra character'. As a result, the game uses shortened forms for much of the text, including spelling the player-controlled ruler, changed from Luduga to the Babylonian king Hammurabi, as 'Hamurabi'.^[5]

Multiple versions of The Sumer Game were created. Jerry Pournelle recalled in 1989 that 'half the people I know wrote a Hammurabi program back in the 1970s; for many, it was the first program they'd ever written in their lives'.^[10] The 1973 DECUS catalog additionally lists a French-language version by Belgians J. F. Champarnaud and F. H. Bostem for the FOCAL-69 version of the language,^[11] and a 1978 catalog adds Ruben by James R. B. Howard II and Jimmie B. Fletcher, 'a modification of the 'King of Sumeria' game' with additional features.^[12] The French version of the game, however, despite being listed as 'Sumer (French)', described itself not as a translation of the original game, but as a translation of 'Hamurabi (The Sumer Game)', due to another version of the game which was already released by then.^[11]

Around 1971, DEC employee David H. Ahl had written a version of The Sumer Game in the BASIC programming language.^[13] Unlike FOCAL, BASIC was run not just on mainframe computers and minicomputers, but also on personal computers, then termed microcomputers, making it a much more popular language. In 1973, Ahl published BASIC Computer Games, a best-selling book of games written in BASIC, which included his version of The Sumer Game.^[13][14] The expanded version was renamed Hamurabi and added an end-of-game performance appraisal.^[1] The popularity of both the book and the programming language itself meant that Ahl's version of the game became the more widely known version over the relatively obscure original, as evidenced by the 1973 French FOCAL version considering 'Hamurabi' to be the more prominent name.^[5][11]BASIC Computer Games noted that the game was a modification of a game 'written in FOCAL at DEC', but listed the author as 'unknown'. The 1978 edition of the book, which was the first million-selling computer book, noted that the game's name was intended to be 'Hammurabi', but not only was one 'm' dropped in the file name to fit in an eight-character limit, but Ahl consistently misspelled the name inside of the game, following Dyment's spelling, leading to the generally accepted name of the game to be Hamurabi.^[1][5]

Legacy[edit]

In addition to the multiple versions of Hamurabi, several simulation games have been created as expansions of the core game. These include Kingdom (1974) by Lee Schneider and Todd Voros, which was then expanded to Dukedom (1976).^[15] Other derivations include King (1978) by James A. Storer,^[16] and Santa Paravia en Fiumaccio (1978) by George Blank; Santa Paravia added the concept of city building management to the basic structure of Hamurabi, making it an antecedent to the city-building genre as well as an early strategy game.^[17] A conversion of this game was included on the BBC Micro's Welcome Tape and Welcome Disc as Yellow River Kingdom (1981).^[18]Hamurabi inspired more complicated economic simulation games; M.U.L.E. (1983) and Anacreon (1987) are two games that critics mentioned as being similar to Hamurabi.^[19][10]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcdAhl, David (November 1978). BASIC Computer Games (2nd ed.). Workman Publishing. pp. 78–79. ISBN978-0-89480-052-8. (archive)
2. ^Rosenberg, Scott (2007). Dreaming in Code. Crown Publishing Group. pp. 1–2. ISBN978-1-4000-8246-9. (archive)
3. ^ ^abcWing, Richard L. (June 1967). The Production and Evaluation of Three Computer-based Economics Games for the Sixth Grade: Final Report (Report). Westchester County Board of Cooperative Educational Services. pp. 1, 13–15. ED014227.
4. ^Wing, Richard L. (1966). 'Two Computer-Based Economics Games for Sixth Graders'. American Behavioral Scientist. 10 (3): 31–35. doi:10.1177/000276426601000306. ISSN0002-7642. S2CID146420388.
5. ^ ^abcdeWillaert, Kate (2019-09-09). 'The Sumerian Game: The Most Important Video Game You've Never Heard Of'. A Critical Hit. Retrieved 2019-09-10.
6. ^ ^abc'DECUS Program Library Catalog for PDP-8, FOCAL8'(PDF). Digital Equipment Computer Users Society. July 1973. p. F-1. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2016-02-07. Retrieved 2016-02-04.
7. ^Winterhalter, Ryan (2010-12-15). 'Game Mechanics That Are Older Than You Think'. 1UP.com. Ziff Davis. Archived from the original on 2016-02-07. Retrieved 2016-02-06.
8. ^Smith, Alexander (2019-11-27). They Create Worlds: The Story of the People and Companies That Shaped the Video Game Industry. 1: 1971 – 1982. CRC Press. p. 27. ISBN978-1-138-38990-8.
9. ^Greenlaw, Paul S.; Herron, Lowell W.; Rawdon, Richard H. (1962). Business simulation in industrial and university education. Prentice Hall.
10. ^ ^abPournelle, Jerry (January 1989). 'To the Stars'. Byte. Vol. 14 no. 1. McGraw-Hill. pp. 109–124.
11. ^ ^abc'DECUS Program Library Catalog for PDP-8, FOCAL8'(PDF). Digital Equipment Computer Users Society. July 1973. p. F-28. Archived from the original(PDF) on 2016-02-07. Retrieved 2016-02-04.
12. ^Program Library PDP-8 Catalog. Digital Equipment Computer Users Society. August 1978. p. 83. Retrieved 2016-02-04.
13. ^ ^abMcCracken, Harry (2014-04-29). 'Fifty Years of BASIC, the Programming Language That Made Computers Personal'. Time. Archived from the original on 2016-02-05. Retrieved 2016-02-12.
14. ^Ahl, David. 'David H. Ahl biography from Who's Who in America'. Swapmeetdave. Archived from the original on 2015-09-24. Retrieved 2016-02-06.
15. ^Ahl, David (1984). Big Computer Games. Creative Computing Press. p. 11. ISBN978-0-916688-40-0.
16. ^Ahl, David (1984). Big Computer Games. Creative Computing Press. p. 96. ISBN978-0-916688-40-0.
17. ^Moss, Richard (2015-10-11). 'From SimCity to, well, SimCity: The history of city-building games'. Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 2016-02-03. Retrieved 2016-02-04.
18. ^'Yellow River Kingdom'. BBC Micro Games Archive. Retrieved 2020-10-06.
19. ^Pournelle, Jerry (November 1984). 'NCC Reflections'. Byte. Vol. 9 no. 12. McGraw-Hill. pp. 361–379.

External links[edit]

• The Sumer Game variants at MobyGames
• Hamurabi can be played for free in the browser at the Internet Archive

Hammurabi’s Codes were a comprehensive set of 282 legal codes introduced by an 18th century BCE Babylonian king Hammurabi (reign – 1792 to 1750 BCE) in order to regulate trade, business transactions, as well as other social relationships in the ancient city-state of Babylon. Check out the article below to know about the origin story, summary and significance of the Code of Hammurabi.

Meaning of the Hammurabi Code

Hammurabi's Code Online Game

The Hammurabi Code encapsulates 282 legal codes that were used to basically govern the people of ancient Babylon during King Hammurabi’s reign. Written in the dominant language at the time, the Akkadian language, the code provided a legal framework for the exchange of goods and services in the ancient city-state of Babylon. Owing to the Code of Hammurabi, the standards for business dealings were known by all traders or merchants. Hammurabi’s Code had its set of punishments (mostly harsh punishments) to ward of potential breakers of the law. Enforcement of the codes was done in a fair and just manner.

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Many historians have argued that the Hammurabi Code is in actual fact more of an anecdote of the judgements Hammurabi passed when faced with a situation. In the simplest of terms the codes could be compared to the English common law which derives its legal principles from cases and precedents.

Examples of the Code of Hammurabi

A very important point worth noting about the Hammurabi Code is the “lex talionis” doctrine (the “Law of Retaliation”). The doctrine simply translates into “an eye for an eye”. Hammurabi was one of the first ancient rulers to champion the doctrine meting out harsh physical punishment to certain criminals.

Many times, the “lex talionis” doctrine espoused very steep punishments (mostly bodily mutilations) for the culprit. Some of those punishments included scotching of the culprit’s tongue. In some cases, the guilty person could have his/her hands amputated for theft crimes. In cases of bearing false witness, the guilty person’s eye or ear is removed.

The stele of Hammurabi reveals that the death sentence was the most likely outcome if a person engaged in any one of about 28 crimes. Examples of those crimes included adultery, spell casting, and robbery.

Hammurabi’s Code about divorce and women’s rights

The total number of codes proclaimed by Hammurabi was 282. The codes encompassed issues from a wide range of areas in the society, from family, business, and administrative law. All the codes were proclaimed using the if-then format. The following are some major examples of the codes about trade, theft, murder, bearing false witness, and adultery:

• If a person is proven to have stolen an ox, then he/she is slapped with a punishment of 30 times the value of the stolen ox.
• If a doctor is found to have killed (i.e. due to medical malpractice) a rich member from the upper class, then the said doctor would have his have his hands severed off. However, if the deceased patient is from the slave class, then the doctor is required to pay a financial compensation to the family of the slave.
• If a man damages the eye of another man, then the culprit shall have his eye destroyed. And if a person breaks another man’s bone, the bone of the culprit shall be broken (Law #196)
• If someone is found guilty of theft/robbery, then he shall be sentenced to death (Law #22)
• If a man gives false account or witness, then the man shall be put to death (Law #3)
• If goods of a merchant is given to an agent, then the agent shall furnish the merchant a receipt for the amount and thereafter compensate the merchant. The merchant in turn shall give a receipt for the money he receives from the agent. (Law #104)

The Babylonian judges under the rule of Hammurabi steered away from pronouncing punishment until the accused was proven to be guilty. Thus the code established the innocent-until-proven-guilty principle (presumption of innocence).

Although, the codes and the underpinning principles were quite novel and just for its era, judgments were passed according to the guilty party’s status in the society. The Babylonian society had three main classes – the upper class, non-slaves and slaves. For example, a member from the upper class was required to pay 10 shekels (the silver coin used in ancient Babylon) to a doctor for the healing of a bad wound. However, the freedman paid 5 shekels. As for the slave, his/her bill was in the region of 2 silver shekels.

Hammurabi Code about Adultery

The stele pillar that contains the Code of Hammurabi

Our current generation came to know of the Hammurabi’s Codes from the carvings on top a large black pillar, which was discovered in the early 1900s. The colossal slab, which is about seven feet tall (2.13 meters), weighs in at around four tons. The material of the slab is an intrusive igneous rock called diorite. Owing to its chemical properties, diorite does not easily lend itself to carving.

The slab has the 2.5-foot carving of a man standing, most likely Hammurabi. It shows Hammurabi receiving the codes from the Babylonian god of justice and truth, Shamash.

The codes were written (chiseled) into the slab using cuneiform writing, one of the earliest forms of writings in human history.

Where was the stele found?

The city-state of Babylon at its peak was one of the most advanced, politically and socially, in the world. Today, the ancient city of Babylon is all submerged below a massive groundwater, leaving very little in terms of ruins. Over the years, however, a few clay pots and slabs from Hammurabi’s era have been discovered in the Persian region. As a matter of fact, it was around the Elamite capital of Susa that French archaeologist and mining engineer Jean-Jacques de Morgan (1857-1924) discovered the only surviving slab of Hammurabi. The spectacular finding was made in 1901. At the time that it was found, the slab was broken into three pieces.

Historians believe that the stele was part of several items looted by the Elamite king Shutruk-Nahhunte from Hammurabi’s descendants. Majority of the loot were sent to Susa. This incident probably occurred between the 10th and 12th century BCE.

Where can the Stele of Hammurabi be seen today?

After Jacques de Morgan spectacular discovery, the stele of Hammurabi was sent to the famous Parisian museum, the Louvre. Subsequently, historians and archaeologists embarked on the arduous task of translating the script. The process took about a year or so to complete. Once the text was brought to life, the Hammurabi became synonymous with legal codes. It is for this reason he is considered the foremost lawgiver of the ancient world.

Significance of the codes

The significance of the Hammurabi Code lied in its ability to stop the strong in the society from preying on or oppressing the weak. The code made sure that everyone received justice, offering protection to the most vulnerable people (i.e. widows, orphans and children) in the society. Hammurabi’s law of retribution was perhaps one of the reasons the city of Babylon flourished for quite some time.

Hammurabi’s Laws in so many ways curbed the excesses of the wronged person in terms of retribution. There was clearly a standard set out for fines and punishments. This prevented people from acting arbitrary.

Long after the passing of Hammurabi, the codes played an important role in influencing countless city-states and kingdoms. It helped proliferate the lex talionis doctrine. This in turn kept many societies very stable and less likely to have many criminal activities.

Interesting facts about Hammurabi

Code of Hammurabi Hammurabi receiving the laws from the Babylonian god of justice and truth, Shamash

• King Hammurabi was the Sixth king from the First Babylonian Dynasty (i.e. the Amorite Dynasty – 19th century BCE to 16th century BCE). Although he is most known for the Hammurabi Code, Hammurabi was a very prolific conqueror. At the time of his reign, his dominion spanned large parts of central Mesopotamia (a region in present day Iraq). He did what no other previous Babylonian king had done before. He united the various smaller city-states across Mesopotamia under his rule.
• Per the estimate given by scholars, Hammurabi most likely became king at the age of 18, succeeding his father, Sin-Muballit. It has been stated that he was a very just ruler. His family roots can be traced to a group of nomadic people called the Amorites. The Amorites are believed to have hailed from western part of present-day Syria. They were a multicultural group of people. And it is likely that the diversity is what drove Hammurabi to come up with his codes of law.
• The language the Babylonians spoke was Akkadian. Hammurabi’s name translates into “great family” in the Akkadian language.
• Not only was Hammurabi a wise and just king, he was also a prolific conqueror. His reign saw the Babylonians engulf several kingdoms along the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. He conquered several city-states such as Mari, Larsa and Eshunna. He also brought the Kingdom of Assyria under his control by deposing King Ishme-Dagan I and replacing him with Mut-Ashkur. He then forced the Assyrians to pay yearly tributes to the city of Babylon. At the height of his rule, the Babylonians dominated the landscape of ancient Mesopotamia.
• Other notable achievements of Hammurabi came in the sheer scale of the social and economic projects he rolled out. For example, he took full advantage of the Tigris and Euphrates rivers, building a number of irrigation canals. Hammurabi also built large walls to fortify his city-state, keeping away rogue nomads and invaders. The temples and obelisks that he built during his reign were considered very impressive for their time.
• Hammurabi and his empire worshiped a host of deities, including Marduk, ancient Babylon’s patron god. He was revered as someone who spread the worship of Marduk across ancient Mesopotamia. Additionally, he was also credited with the spread of civilization to large parts of the Mesopotamia.
• Owing to his impressive feats of accomplishments, Hammurabi was in seen as a god in some circles. He received the title “Hammurabi-ili”, which translates into “Hammurabi is my god”. He was glorified as a ruler who spread peace, justice and civilization.
• Scholars have discovered that the ancient region of Mesopotamia had written laws prior to the Hammurabi’s Code. Examples of such laws were the Code of Ur-Nammu and the Code of Lipit-Ishtar, which came from the Sumerians.
• In the U.S. Capitol, a marvelous marble bas-relief of Hammurabi can be found. At the south wall of the U.S. Supreme Court lies an amazing marble work of art with Hammurabi expertly carved into it.